Malware Families

According to Mandiant, this is a tunneler, likely based on an open-source Socks4a proxy, that communicates using Azure cloud infrastructure.

aka Cabbage RAT

CageyChameleon Malware is a VBS-based backdoor which has the capability to enumerate the list of running processes and check for the presence of several antivirus products. CageyChameleon will collect user host information, system current process information, etc. The collected information is sent back to the C2 server, and continue to initiate requests to perform subsequent operations.

aka JustForFun

BPFDoor is a passive backdoor used by a China-based threat actor. This backdoor supports multiple protocols for communicating with a C2 including TCP, UDP, and ICMP allowing the threat actor a variety of mechanisms to interact with the implant.

aka Royal, Royal_unix

According to Trendmicro, Royal ransomware was first observed in September 2022, and the threat actors behind it are believed to be seasoned cybercriminals who used to be part of Conti Team One.

aka COPPERHEDGE, FoggyBrass

aka SIGNBT

PostNapTea aka SIGNBT is an HTTP(S) RAT that is written as a complex object-oriented project. In 2022-2023, it was deployed against targets like a newspaper organization, agriculture-related entity or a software vendor. The initial access was usually achieved by exploiting vulnerabilities in widely-used software in South Korea. It collects various information about the victim’s computer, such as computer name, product name, OS details, system uptime, CPU information, system locale, time zone, network status, and malware configuration. PostNapTea uses AES for encryption and decryption ot network traffic. There is a constant prefix SIGNBT occuring in its HTTP POST requests. The prefix is concatenated with 2 characters that identify the communication stage: • LG: logging into the C&C server • KE: acknowledging the succesful login to the C&C • FI: sending the status of a failed operation • SR: sending the status of a successful operation • GC: getting the next command There are five classes that represent command groups: • CCButton: for file manipulation and screen capturing • CCBitmap: for network commands, implementing functionality of Windows commands often abused by attackers, like sc, reg, arp, net, ver, wmic, ping, whoami, netstat, tracert, lookup, ipconfig, systeminfo, and netsh advfirewall. • CCComboBox: for file system management • CCList: for process management • CCBrush: for control of the malware itself It stores its configuration in JSON format. It resolves the Windows APIs it requires during runtime, via the Fowler–Noll–Vo (FNV) hash function. Its internal name in the version-information resource is usually ppcsnap.dll or pconsnap.dll, which loosely inspired its code name.

aka BadIIS

aka CypherRat

According to Cleafy, SpyNote abuses Accessibility services and other Android permissions in order to: Collect SMS messages and contacts list; Record audio and screen; Perform keylogging activities; Bypass 2FA; Track GPS locations.

According to Cyble, this is an advanced Android malware evolved from SpySolr that features remote control, credential theft, and data exfiltration. It spreads via phishing sites impersonating streaming services like iNat TV and fake mining platforms. The malware abuses Android’s Accessibility Service to unlock devices, log keystrokes, and automate credential theft through injections. It uses WebSocket-based C&C communication for real-time command execution and data theft. BTMOB RAT supports various malicious actions, including live screen sharing, file management, audio recording, and web injections.

KIMWOLF is an android based malware which uses compromised systems to relay malicious and abusive Internet traffic, as well as participating in distributed denial-of-service (DDoS). KIMWOLF primarily infects unofficial Android-TV set-top boxes and digital photo frames. The malware has frequently been noted to achieve infection spread via abusing Android Debug Bridge (ADB) and residential proxies. There are multiple reports suggesting a connection to the Aisuru botnet, with Kimwolf acting as the Android variant.

VoidLink is a cloud-native Linux malware family designed as a modular post-exploitation framework for modern cloud and containerized environments. It features a plugin-based architecture with dynamically loadable components that provide reconnaissance, credential harvesting, privilege escalation, lateral movement, persistence, and anti-forensic capabilities. The framework demonstrates strong operational security through runtime encryption, environment awareness (cloud provider and container detection), and the use of user-mode and kernel-level rootkit techniques to evade detection. VoidLink is not a repurposed legacy tool but a purpose-built framework optimized for cloud infrastructure, indicating a shift in advanced threat development toward Linux-based cloud workloads. Although no confirmed large-scale infections have been observed, its maturity and design suggest potential use by sophisticated threat actors for long-term, stealthy access to cloud environments.

According to Synacktiv, LinkPro targets the GNU/Linux systems and is developed in Golang. It is named after its main module and the corresponding (private) GitHub repository. LinkPro uses eBPF technology, to activate only when receiving a "magic package", and to hide on the compromised system.

aka 404KeyLogger, Snake Keylogger

Snake Keylogger (aka 404 Keylogger) is a subscription-based keylogger that has many capabilities. The infostealer can steal a victim’s sensitive information, log keyboard strokes, take screenshots and extract information from the system clipboard. It was initially released on a Russian hacking forum in August 2019. It is notable for its relatively unusual methods of data exfiltration, including via email, FTP, SMTP, Pastebin or the messaging app Telegram.

aka Formbook

Xloader is a Rebranding of Formbook malware (mainly a stealer), available for macOS as well. Formbook has a "magic"-value FBNG (FormBook-NG), while Xloader has a "magic"-value XLNG (XLoader-NG). This "magic"-value XLNG is platform-independent. Not to be confused with apk.xloader or ios.xloader.

Malware with wide range of capabilities ranging from RAT to ransomware.

zgRAT is a Remote Access Trojan malware which sometimes drops other malware such as AgentTesla malware. zgRAT has an inforstealer use which targets browser information and cryptowallets. Usually spreads by USB or phishing emails with -zip/-lnk/.bat/.xlsx attachments and so on.

aka AgenTesla, AgentTesla, Negasteal

A .NET based information stealer readily available to actors due to leaked builders. The malware is able to log keystrokes, can access the host's clipboard and crawls the disk for credentials or other valuable information. It has the capability to send information back to its C&C via HTTP(S), SMTP, FTP, or towards a Telegram channel.

Stealer is written in Visual Basic.

aka win.xloader

FormBook contains a unique crypter RunPE that has unique behavioral patterns subject to detection. It was initially called "Babushka Crypter" by Insidemalware.

aka JSCEAL

WEEVILPROXY is a sophisticated and featureful stealer which has a payload primarily written in NodeJS. The developer has put in concerted effort to develop the malware’s breadth of capabilities, including novel techniques not observed in any prior malware campaigns - to our knowledge. These new TTPs include methods to modify Windows Setup and Windows Recovery to enable long-term persistence, as well as methods to patch browser extensions ‘on the fly’.

DEVMAN is a ransomware which shares a large part of its codebase with DragonForce ransomware. It is highly probable that the group used a DragonForce ransomware build and simply changed the extension added to the encrypted files (from .dragonforce_encrypted to .devman). In one of the first observed samples, the ransom note still claimed to be part of the DragonForce Ransomware Cartel. The ransomware implements common features such as the deletion of ShadowCopies, and avoid encrypting files with some extensions present in a hard-coded list. The ransomware implements multiple encryption modes: - Full encryption - Header-only encryption - Custom encryption These modes allow the operator to choose between a quick or a strong encryption depending on the scenario. The ransomware also tries to connect to SMB folders. DEVMAN ransomware creates a temporary session under the following registry key: `HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\RestartManager\Session0000`. The use of the Restart Manager to bypass file locks and ensure encrypted access to active user session files. This capability seems to be a legacy of Conti ransomware, which inspired DragonForce and DEVMAN. As part of this legacy, the ransomware use a hard-coded mutex to prevent multiple instances from running in parallel.

aka Cl0p

ELF version of clop ransomware.

According to Google, BRICKSTORM is used to consistently target appliances, among them primarily VMware vCenter and ESXi hosts.

aka CinaRAT, QuasarRAT, Yggdrasil

Quasar RAT is a malware family written in .NET which is used by a variety of attackers. The malware is fully functional and open source, and is often packed to make analysis of the source more difficult.

According to BI.ZONE, FoalShell is a simple reverse shell used by Cavalry Werewolf, written in Go, C++, and C#. FoalShell allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands in the cmd.exe command line interpreter on a compromised host.

According to BI.ZONE, StallionRAT allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands, load additional files, and exfiltrate collected data. The malware uses a Telegram bot as their C2 server.